How John Albert Burr Innovated Modern Lawn Mowing

If you have a manual push mower today, it likely uses design elements from 19th Century black American inventor John Albert Burrs patented rotary blade lawn mower. On May 9, 1899, John Albert Burr patented an improved rotary blade lawn mower. Burr designed a lawn mower with traction wheels and a rotary blade that was designed to not easily get plugged up from lawn clippings. John Albert Burr also improved the design of lawn mowers by making it possible to mow closer to building and wall edges. You can view U.S. patent 624,749 issued to John Albert Burr. Life of an Inventor John Burr was born in Maryland in 1848, and was thus a teenager during the Civil War. His parents were slaves who were later freed, and he may also have been a slave until Emancipation which happened when he was 17. He didnt escape from manual labor, though, has he worked as a field hand during his teenage years. But his talent was recognized and wealthy black activists ensured he was able to attend engineering classes at a private university. He put his mechanical skills to work making a living repairing and servicing farm equipment and other machines. He moved to Chicago and also worked as a steelworker.  When he filed his patent for the rotary mower in 1898, he was living in Agawam, Massachusetts. The Rotary Lawn Mower The object of my invention is to provide a casing which wholly  encloses  the  operating gearing  so as to prevent it from becoming choked by the grass or clogged by obstructions of any kind, reads the patent application. Burrs rotary lawn mower design helped reduce the irritating clogs of clippings that are the bane of manual mowers. It was also more maneuverable and could be used for closer clipping around objects such as posts and buildings. His patent diagram clearly shows a design that is very familiar for manual rotary mowers today. Powered mowers for home use were still decades away. As lawns become smaller in many newer neighborhoods, many people are returning to manual rotary mowers like Burrs design. Burr continued to patent improvements to his design. He also designed devices for mulching clippings, sifting, and dispersing them. Todays mulching power mowers may be part of his legacy, returning nutrients to the turf rather than bagging them for compost or disposal. In this way, his inventions helped save labor and were also good for the grass. He held over 30 U.S. patents for lawn care and agricultural inventions. Later Life Burr enjoyed the fruits of his success. Unlike many inventors who never see their designs commercialized, or soon lose any benefits, he received royalties for his creations. He enjoyed traveling and lecturing. He lived a long life and died in 1926 of influenza at age 78.   Next time you mow the lawn, acknowledge the inventor who made the task a little easier. Sources and Further Information Ikenson, Ben. Patents: Ingenious Inventions How They Work and How They Came to Be. Running Press, 2012.  Ngeow, Evelyn, ed. Inventors and Inventions, Volume 1. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2008.

A New Proposition On Animal Farm - 867 Words

Anubhab Roy Mr. Buonadonna Honors English 1, period 1 12/5/16 4. Introduce and sell a new proposition on Animal Farm My fellow animals (plain folk pathos), it brings me great pleasure to announce a new project ordered by our glorious leader Napoleon. It is something he likes to call a â€Å"Jiotin.† The purpose of this is to cut our vegetables and wheat without wasting effort, time, or food (lie logos). Comrades, it has come to our (we the pigs’) attention that there seems to be a bit of a rations problem (card stacking euphemism logos). It is impossible there is not enough food! The amount of hard work we pigs do to ensure the survival of animal farm would never lead to a lack of food. (Appeal to incredulity logos). Keep in mind comrades, that food is not scarce; rather it is not being gathered, prepared, and distributed quickly enough; food is much more plentiful than it was before the revolution (unfalsifiability logos), and I hope you have not forgotten the hardships we had to endure during Jones’s reign. The starvation of children separated from their mothers, crying after realizing their eminent death, the butchering of animals in the slaughterhouse, the killing of old dogs in the lake, hearing their last howl. (Powerful images inflated language pathos). It is impossible there is not enough food! The amount of hard work we pigs do to ensure the survival of animal farm would never lead to a lack of food. (Appeal to incredulity logos) Napoleon promises that this will beShow MoreRelatedCan The Human Methods Of Slaughter Act And The Prop 2 Standards1480 Words   |  6 PagesSlaughter Act and the Prop 2 Standards for Confining Farm Animals Protect Farm Animals from Inhumane Treatment? 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Analysis of Mental Health Condition Free Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Professionals. Answer: Healthcare Professionals: Psychologists provide pharmacological intervention by undertaking analysis of mental health condition and are divided at two levels of clinical psychologists and school psychologists. Psychotherapy is a process of remedial treatment maintaining the well being of the patient with the help of communication (Turner, Sanders Hodge, 2014). This therapy undertakes evidence-based analysis of the mental conditions suffered by the patient. Furthermore, psychoanalysis is a technique based on the evidence-based therapeutic treatment of comatose mind. The psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are two different techniques that are undertaken by psychologists and psychiatrists. Social workers such as clinical, mental health, drug abuse or licensed professional can provide their inputs for the optimal treatment (Chan Thomas, 2015). Doctors such as neurologists, naturopaths and others help in treatment of the specific mental condition. Mental health nurses are specifically trained to provide pharmacolo gical and non-pharmacological interventions to such patients. Different counsellors such as licensed professional counsellors, clinical counsellors, pastoral counsellors and others work for the treatment of the patient. Psychiatrists undertake medical treatment by diagnosing, case studying, providing optimal remedial treatment solution. A psychiatrist undertakes different measures such as positron emission tomography (PET), computerized tomography scan (CT scan) and other processes for the evaluation of the mental condition. General physician undertakes and evaluated overall condition of the patient in accordance with the signs and symptoms shown (Skovholt Trotter, 2014). Restrictions on effective regulation of courses: There are different restrictions among healthcare professionals in term of physical, social, time, mental, geographical and cultural barriers that prevents optimal regulation of these free courses further affecting the quality of treatment by healthcare professionals to mental patients. Some of these restrictions are: Time is one of the prevalent barriers because healthcare professionals are already busy with their existing schedule and taking time for such courses becomes really tough for them. Besides this, they are also busy in their social and personal life and do not like to hinder their private life (Lewis Garton, 2017). Odd timing of the conduction of skill development program is also another issue. Free course must be organised in keeping the schedule of the healthcare professionals in mind. Besides this, the timing of classes must also be in accordance with the schedule in order to incorporate maximum number of participants (Lewis Garton, 2017). Physical barrier can restrict the healthcare professionals from undertaking the course due to their physical disability. The examples can be incompetent towards course due to restricted physical movements of any body part. Such healthcare professionals will not be able to attend the course located at the odd location in respect to their disability. Example of this can be healthcare professionals on wheelchair will have accessibility issue of going to a far location or high number floor of a building where the course location has been selected (Gibson et al., 2015). Lack of physical coordination among healthcare professionals and the organisers can also be a prevalent reason. Such physical discord also prevents in providing effective information on the course schedule to the healthcare professionals. Additionally, for free courses participants must be selected who are in the condition of understanding the non-invasive method of creative therapies. Furthermore, restrictions must be undertaken for people who lacks cognitive skills or not able of being alert during entire course. Free courses must target such professionals who are either physically disabled or not but mentally stable in order to instil effective awareness and enhanced practices. Furthermore, effective communication must occur between the healthcare professionals and the organizers for the breaching of such physical discord (Gibson et al., 2015). Geographical location is also one of the prevalent barriers when the healthcare professionals cannot easily access the free courses due to its inappropriate locations. The examples can be large distance between the location of the healthcare professional and the chosen place of course, rural or distant location of the course setting. Geographical location becomes a barrier when the chosen course location is one city such as Melbourne or other and the residing city of the healthcare professional is different such as Sydney. These courses are free and do not provide any remunerations to the professionals (Spence et al., 2016). Location can also be barrier if both course and professionals are residing in same city. This can occur due to certain factors such as heavy traffic, inaccessible route and long distance. The free courses must be centrally located in the city in order to be easily accessible by all healthcare professionals of the same city. Furthermore, such courses must be city oriented so that any healthcare professional does not have to travel to different city bearing the expenses as well (Spence et al., 2016). Social and cultural barriers restricts professional from attending the course due to their upbringing, their thinking and views towards medical practices. This includes examples such as alertness towards illness ideology of professional that may prevent him to embark on the psychosocial practices. The healthcare professionals may compel the organisers for the selection of healthcare professional with same cultural background in order to prevent challenging their inter and intra personal communication capabilities (Burmeister et al., 2016). Difference in medical practising beliefs also prevents the healthcare professionals from attending such courses. These beliefs formulates on the basis of experience and prevailing social stigma. The professional may get reluctant in providing music therapy, art therapy and massages to the patient as a part of treatment. The free course must create awareness on these prevailing issues and must determine that effective treatment do not depend on these factors. Besides this, effective group of carers, interns and volunteers must work altogether effectively for the regulation of these free courses at a large extent (Burmeister et al., 2016). Mental barriers include examples such as predetermined mind set and ignorance towards the importance of effective skills. A predetermined notions towards disease such as dementia will affect the remedial treatment on the basis of experiences and practices of professionals in terms of their preference towards pharmacological interventions (Andrade et al., 2014). Healthcare professionals get reluctant in undertaking different practices of creative therapy for the treatment of patients suffering from mental conditions. The example of this can be psychological reluctance towards invasive treatment as a new methodology for providing relief. The creative therapy is non-invasive and reluctance can be shown towards learning the new therapies related to it. The free courses can help in minimizing such mental barriers with the help of effective one on one counselling and further providing effective awareness in order to change the mental sight towards creative therapies (Andrade et al., 2014). References: Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al-Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., ... Florescu, S. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys.Psychological medicine,44(06), 1303-1317. Burmeister, O. K., Burmeister, O. K., Marks, E., Marks, E. (2016). Rural and remote communities, technology and mental health recovery.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,14(2), 170-181. Chan, F., Thomas, K. R. (Eds.). (2015).Counseling Theories and Techniques for Rehabilitation and Mental Health Professionals. Springer Publishing Company. Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review.Implementation Science,10(1), 71. Lewis, M., Garton, S. (2017). Mental Health in Australia, 17882015: A History of Responses to Cultural and Social Challenges. InMental Health in Asia and the Pacific(pp. 289-313). Springer US. Skovholt, T. M., Trotter-Mathison, M. (2014).The resilient practitioner: Burnout prevention and self-care strategies for counselors, therapists, teachers, and health professionals. Routledge. Spence, N. D., Wells, S., Graham, K., George, J. (2016). Racial discrimination, cultural resilience, and stress.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,61(5), 298-307. Turner, K. M., Sanders, M. R., Hodge, L. (2014). Issues in Professional Training to Implement Evidence?based Parenting Programs: The Preferences of Indigenous Practitioners.Australian Psychologist,49(6), 384-394.

Auntobiographical Incident My Shahada Essay Example For Students

Auntobiographical Incident My Shahada Essay As I started my new job, I notice that my boss was Muslim. I have always been intrigue towards Islam but I was afraid to look into it due to all the bad reputation it has been given by this country. And of course being born Catholic didn’t help either in being scared of my parents of what they would think. I eventually started listening and seeing my boss pray. I thought it was so beautiful. Little after I started my new job, I met my husband now, Aziz online. He too is Muslim. We became really good friends, I started asking him questions about Islam and the more I knew the more I wanted to know. Something new started to burn inside of me, it was like if I was lost and I was finally being found. That feeling when you have been in a long trip and you’re just happy to be back home. I had never felt this way towards anything or anyone. Aziz was the one who answered all my questions and he guided me to online website about Islam. In my own secrecy I would read the Koran which is the Muslim book sent my God. I would go to the Mosque with my boss. The Mosque is the Muslims place of prayer. I was afraid what my family would think if they found out but eventually I didn’t care. Four months had pass since I started researching Islam and I had finally decided that I was no longer going to hide about my passion towards GOD! And Islam. I wanted to surprise Aziz by telling him that I had return (converted) to Islam. I asked my boss if he could guide me on how and what I needed to do to return to Islam. I wanted this with all my heart, I wanted to go back home. My boss was really nice in guiding me on how to convert. He bought me my very first Koran and a couple of other Islamic books. April of 2008 my boss took me to the Mosque and told the Imam that I wanted to do my shahada. An Imam is the person who leads prayers in a mosque and the shahada is the Muslim profession of faith (â€Å"there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah†). I did my shahada that very same day and it was the most beautiful experience I had ever experienced. The same day I did my shahada I went online and I told Aziz that I had converted to Islam Alhamdulillah. Alhamdulillah is an Arabic phrase meaning Praise to God. Aziz was so happy for me a few months after my shahada Aziz propose to me and I accepted. Six years have passed since I returned to Islam and I can honestly say my life has never been better Alhamdulillah! I am married to my best friend, I have two wonderful children, we have our daily aches and pains but ALHAMDULILLAH! We have each other and we have God to thank for.

What Is Counselling Essay Sample free essay sample

Answer the inquiry ‘What is reding? ’ by sketching what you understand to be the cardinal elements that constitute the pattern of reding. This treatment will get down by sing two definitions of reding. traveling on to place cardinal elements of pattern and what makes reding different from other professions where reding accomplishments may be used. Finally the treatment will see the function of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy ( BACP ) which regulates the profession. In order to reply this inquiry. it is necessary to see definitions of reding from both professional and client positions. This definition is the professional position from the BACP: ‘Counselling takes topographic point when a counselor sees a client in a private and confidential scene to research a trouble the client is holding. hurt they may be sing or possibly their dissatisfaction with life. or loss of a sense of way and intent. ’ ( BACP. 2009 ) It is of import professionals understand the significance of reding and have a professional position so they work in a competent mode. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Counselling? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page nevertheless for effectual guidance to happen. the client has to be comfy with the counselor so it is besides utile to see the client’s position: ‘Counselling is an activity that takes topographic point when person who is troubled invites and allows another individual to come in into a peculiar sort of relationship with them. A individual seeks such a relationship when they encounter ‘a job in mundane living’ that they have non been able to decide through their mundane resources. and that has resulted in their exclusion from some facet of full engagement in societal life. ’ ( McLeod. 2008. pg 23 ) From both of these definitions it can be seen that reding is a professional relationship between the counselor and client. in a confidential scene. where the client can discourse their issues and is enabled to happen their ain replies. The professional definition ( BACP. 2009 ) besides states that reding merely occurs at the client’s petition and explains how reding purposes to enable the client to do alterations in their lives through the act of being listened to and researching issues in a safe infinite. The definition besides states that reding is non-directive intending no advice will be given. which is in contrast to other functions where reding accomplishments may be used and these professional differences are the following point to be discussed. The counsellor’s function is to listen to the client and through this to enable the client to happen their ain replies to their jobs. This is a alone function. there is no other professional relationship in which this happens and it is the lone function the counselor has. This is in pronounced contrast to other functions where the professional’s ain function is the primary function and listening to patients the secondary function. For illustration a nurse delivering nursing attention to a patient is transporting out his/her primary function and may speak with the client and utilize some guidance accomplishments in making so. However. utilizing reding accomplishments during conversation in this manner is non the same as guidance. The conversation may affect listening to the patient but the nurse is improbable to be listening in the manner a counselor does as that is non his/her primary function. The nursing function besides includes reding on wellness affairs and this is once more in contrast to reding which is non-directive. The function of the counselor and the reding profession as a whole is overseen by the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy ( BACP ) and the treatment will now look at the function of this organic structure in more item. The BACP regulates the reding profession to guarantee that registered counselors are qualified and work to required criterions. In holding a registry of counselors. the public can happen a counselor who meets these criterions and are protected from those who pattern as unregistered counselors and who may be potentially harmful to them. As a regulative organic structure it has an Ethical Framework ( BACP. 2009 ) which registered counselors are required to work within. This model covers all countries of reding pattern including values and rules. counsel for good pattern and professional behavior. Counselors are expected to be committed to the rules of regard for human rights and the diverseness of the experiences and civilization of their clients. They have to guarantee unity within their professional relationships with clients and supply a good criterion of pattern. This includes doing a contract with the client so the client knows what to anticipate. This would cover issues such as fees. timing of Sessionss. confidentiality and occasions when confidentiality would necessitate to be breached such as child protection issues or the hazard of injury to themselves or others. The contract should besides explicate the ailments process so the client knows what to make if they have a job with the counselor. Besides mentioned in the BACP model are the personal accomplishments and qualities of the counselor ( BACP. 2009 ) which are really of import as the counselor needs to hold these qualities in order to construct effectual professional relationships with clients. The counselor needs to hold empathy with the client and be able to understand things from the client’s point of view. The counselor must be sincere or echt as any falseness is extremely likely to be noticed by the client who may experience they are being judged or laughed at. The counselor besides needs to demo regard for the client while working in a competent. non-judgmental mode. While all counselors should hold the moral qualities referred to above. each client experiences the relationship otherwise so from the client’s position it is of import to happen a counselor they are comfy with for reding to be effectual. This was true in the instance of Laura Allen ( Allen. 1990. cited in McLeod. 2008. pg 11 ) who saw a counselor who she felt acted in a superior mode and she finally walked out during a session. She so saw a counselor who she felt it necessary to protect by non speaking about the more hard issues. therefore neither of these two experiences helped her. This instance analyze high spots the importance of the client happening the right counselor for them. This essay has discussed professional and client definitions of guidance and considered the counsellor’s function. pattern. accomplishments and qualities under the BACP Ethical Framework. In reply to the inquiry. I would specify guidance as a professional relationship between the counselor and client where the client identifies issues and troubles they are holding and is enabled to happen ways of covering with those issues through speaking openly with the counselor. Mentions British Association for Counselling A ; Psychotherapy ( 2009 ) ‘Ethical Framework’ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bacp. co. uk/ethical_framework/ethics. php ( Accessed 23/01/09 ) British Association for Counselling A ; Psychotherapy ( 2009 ) ‘Personal Moral Qualities’ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bacp. co. uk/ethical_framework/personal. php ( Accessed 23/01/09 ) British Association for Counselling A ; Psychotherapy ( 2009 ) ‘What is reding? ’ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bacp. co. uk/information/education/whatiscounselling. php ( Accessed 23/01/09 ) McLeod. J. ( 2008 ) Introduction to Counselling ( Ed. D. Langridge ) . Maidenhead/Milton Keynes. Open University Press/The Open University

Women In Advertising essays

Women In Advertising essays The role of gender in advertising has been an issue in society since the advent of modern media and advertising methods. Modern media uses methods that concentrate on sex and the stereotypical images and ideas of the parts men and women play as consumers. These methods construct a female social problem that began in the 1960s with the portrayal of stereotypical housewives. Today, this image has evolved into a new social problem for women. New advertisements are exposing women in ways different from ever before: the semiotic placement of the Robert Cavalli fashion advertisement found in In Style Magazine reveals the distorted perceptions that are placed on women of a hyper-sexualized and submissive female gender role in American culture. The color scheme layout and visual focus of the ad augment the construction of the overly sexual female function in society. Upon first glance, the ad is quite stunning. It is flashy and easily noticeable while flipping through the magazine pages. The ad uses bright colors to accentuate the two subjects and draw attention to their faces. The colors range from bright greens and orange-reds to subtler blues and browns towards the bottom of the ad. These colors are used to catch the magazine readers eye and draw attention to the clothing. The background is a bright orange curtain that draws the attention to the figures at the center of the page. They seem to be completely undistracted by the world around them. There are no outside forces drawing their attention away from each other. The mans eyes, strongly focused on the woman, suggest that the figures share a serene and perfect moment away from the outside world. Nothing else in the world matters more than the two of them being together at that very moment. The feeling of desire and need flaunt a sexual image that is constantly viewed by society. A clearly sexual message is revealed through the most drastic and eye-catch...

Saving Money at the Grocery Store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Saving Money at the Grocery Store - Essay Example Grocery stores have many tricks and traps to make people buy expensive items or increasing the level of their purchases by tempting them. It is very important for people to be able to save money at the grocery store because food items are what tend to cause a great deal of financial loss at the end of each month. This paper aims to discuss the various ways in which a person can save money at a grocery store, as well as the best saves and stores in the east and west coast. Each and every grocery store is designed in a very fashionable manner; this means that the food items are placed very strategically, making it difficult for people not to get tempted by them. For example, the fruit and vegetables that cost the least amount of money would be placed towards the back whereas dinner kits and expensive and exotic food items from other countries would be on display, tempting people into loading them into their shopping carts. Most grocery stores are laden with such traps which people find difficult to decipher and escape from and thus people need to be focused on the food items that they want to purchase. For this, a list must be prepared and adhered to; if a person is able to diligently purchase everything on his list and nothing more, then he will be able to save on a lot more money than expected. ... It is pertinent to understand the location of each and every required item in a grocery store; most people are not aware of where the items lie and thus tend to walk around aisles and shelves picking out whatever they see instead of going towards the back sections where the actual frozen fruits and vegetables lay. The fresh foods always tend to lie towards the back of any grocery store and it is always helpful to have someone assisting in order to make the correct purchases. People should visit a single grocery store and get acquainted to it rather than go to different stores and find different food items. This helps in not only knowing exactly where what lies, but also in helping them resist from making exorbitant purchases because people tend to overlook the fancy items once they begin seeing the same things again and again in the same section. Furthermore, if a person needs to save on some more money, fruits, vegetables and other durable and fresh food items should be bought from local markets and not from grocery stores because the stores tend to charge more in order to cover their overheads. Visiting a grocery store means looking at a lot of food; not only fresh foods but also readymade meals, deserts, cooked items etc. All of this tends to make people hungry and that is why they end up buying more; many researchers state that when people go hungry to grocery stores or supermarkets, they feel like eating more food because of all the food that is around them and available in well packaged containers. Many people might even get hungry while shopping and thus buy items on the spot in order to eat and that is why, in order to save some

Testosterone's direct effect on adult males diagnosed with depression Research Paper

Testosterone's direct effect on adult males diagnosed with depression - Research Paper Example Almost all vital organ systems in the human body need testosterone to work efficiently hence their functioning is also affected by a decrease in testosterone levels. The overall health of men, especially their psychological or emotional wellbeing, largely depends on testosterone levels. Because testosterone’s serum level lowers as men become older, sexual fervor and strength also lowers, resulting in a higher risk for depressive symptoms. Decrease in testosterone levels can also cause impotence in mean, and this is usually another cause of depression (Grant & Potenza, 2007). Luckily testosterone levels can be diagnosed and treated. Relationship between Testosterone Levels and Depression in Men Some empirical findings substantiate the assumption that testosterone is related to depression. Primarily, cross-sectional research has studied the connection between testosterone levels and development of depressive symptoms. In addition, the levels of gonadotropin in non-depressed and depressed groups have been studied. Moreover, there are quite a few longitudinal studies looking at the testosterone levels throughout occurrences of depression in men (Kaplan, 2012). Basically, one way to understand the effect of testosterone levels on male depression is to study the correlation between testosterone levels and depression in elderly males. Sternbach (1998) examined empirical studies on the natural decrease of testosterone in adult males and discovered an apparent correlation between low testosterone levels and different symptoms of mood disorders, such as bad temper, sexual problems, anxiety, and depression. These natural outcomes of the decrease of testosterone may resemble a mood disturbance in elderly males. This correlation offers indirect substantiation for a relationship between testosterone levels and male depression (Heidelbaugh, 2007). Studies that focus on the effect of testosterone levels on the development of depressive symptoms among adult males have pr oduced varied findings. Yesavage and colleagues (1985) studied levels of testosterone in depressed males and discovered a moderate inverse correlation between levels of testosterone and the degree of depression when the latter was controlled. The hypothesized correlation between degree of depression and testosterone levels was discovered. Another set of studies that substantiates the effect of testosterone on male depression is derived from the application of the testosterone replacement therapy in the treatment of depressive symptoms in men. A number of studies have supported the effectiveness of testosterone replacement therapy in the treatment of depressive symptoms in men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Heidelbaugh, 2007). Wagner and colleagues (1996) reported that testosterone replacement therapy had a greater positive outcome compared to standard antidepressant treatments in treating depressive symptoms in males with HIV. Even though it may be tempting to search for a hormone-based biological substrate to demonstrate the severity and prevalence of male depression, there are no sufficient or strong indications that testosterone affects the prevalence and degree of depression in males. Treatment research supporting this is carried out with clinically vulnerable males, several of whom also display acute depressive sympto

Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework - Case Study Example In contrast, bottom up planning relies on administrators to provide the guidelines to manage projects. When both planning styles are compared, top down planning is far more efficient as a security mechanism. Top down planning ensures interdepartmental coordination, allocation of adequate resources as well as support from the all the required ends. 3. The SecSDLC deals risk management better compared to the SDLC. It relies largely on precise risk and threat measurement along with the execution of specific controls to deal with such problems through active risk management. In contrast, SDLC relies on generalized information system design and implementation in any organization. 4. Anything that provides an unvarying danger to an asset can be classified as a threat. Threats are further categorized as human actions that result in malfunction, intentional harm, intentional disruption and wreckage, purposeful software assault, negative variances in quality provision from service providers, technical let downs in software, downbeat actions in intellectual property domains, purposeful information extortion, intentional theft, force majeure, technical let downs in hardware and outdated technology. The CSI security study is one of the most comprehensive reviews regarding cyber security. The survey is carried out independently and the report is adopted in a similar manner. The key economic impacts of cyber crime are looked into including estimated damages. For the year 2010-11, the CSI report outlines a number of key areas for security failures. These were: The measurement for the current survey took place between July 2009 and June 2010 and consisted on responses from 351 information technology and information security personnel from various fields across the United

Case of Cladophialophora caroinii Chromoblastomycosis

Case of Cladophialophora caroinii Chromoblastomycosis A Rare Case of Cladophialophora caroinii Chromoblastomycosis in a Skin Graft Recipient Roy PK, Dudhat VL, Prasanna S Introduction: Chromoblastomycosis, also called chromomycosis is a subcutaneous chronic mycosis caused by dematiaceous (black) fungi.1 The most frequently isolated organisms are Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora. verrucosa, Cladosporium carrioni, and less frequently, Rhinocladiella aquaspersa.2 It Progresses slowly and involves exposed body parts. It is characterised by crusted and raised lesions. The fungi present as sclerotic bodies in the lesions, which is a pathognomic feature of this disease. It is distributed worldwide. However it is most commonly seen in tropical and subtropical regions.1 C. caroinii has been reported only sporadically in India in a few case reports.3,4,5,6,7 We present a rare case of chromoblastomycosis by C. caroinii. Case Description: A 40 year old male patient, presented to the surgery OPD with cutaneous ulcer over right knee after a fall injury, not associated with fever or pain. The patient was admitted in a tertiary care centre, I.V antibiotics and daily dressing had been done. The swabs from the base of the ulcer had been sent for bacterial culture and sensitivity, shown no growth. After a few days of treatment ulcer was healing with good margins and base. Patient was discharged with oral antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. After one month patient came back for review to OPD with hypopigmented patch over the right knee. The patient was referred to plastic surgery department and skin grafting was done. The graft was taken from the right back. The patient was administered with I.V steroids, antibiotics and oral anti-inflammatory agents. The patient was discharged with oral steroids with tapering dose and antibiotics. After two weeks period, patient developed soft non-raised fluctuating swelling post skin grafting over the same region (right knee). Differential diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis and aspergilloma was made. The FNAC was carried out from the swelling, from which frank pus was aspirated. The pus sample was forwarded for bacterial culture, fungal and mycobacterial culture. The bacterial cultures, both aerobically and anaerobically showed no growth. The sample was negative for acid fast bacilli by Ziehl Neelsen staining. However, KOH mount and Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) stain showed septate hyaline hyphae. The GMS stain revealed few grey black round structures measuring around 6-10 Â µm, suggestive of Medlar or sclerotic or copper penny bodies. The culture of the pus sample, on Lowenstein-Jensen medium showed no growth after eight weeks of incubation. However, culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol revealed slow growing fungus, which was first observed on the tenth day and gradually matured over next three weeks. The growth was initially grey-green which slowly turned to olive-green with cottony folded out texture and with a jet black reverse after three weeks of incubation at 25Â °C. The lacto phenol cotton blue (LPCB) preparation, from the culture showed septate hyaline hyphae with acropetal long chains of conidia suggestive of Chladophialophora species. The fungus showed growth at 37Â °C, but not at 42-45Â °C and urease negative. Based on these findings the fungus was identified as Chladophialophora carrionii. The patient was diagnosed to have subcutaneous mycosis (chromoblastomycosis) with the presence of sclerotic bodies and the causative organism was identified as Chladophialophora carrionii. The patient was started on oral Itraconazole and he showed good improvement in the condition. Discussion: As first described by Medlar in 1915, the term chromoblastomycosis is used for cases in which sclerotic bodies are present in tissue. Sclerotic bodies, also known as Medlar bodies, are globe-shaped, cigar-colored, thick-walled structures that are 4-12 Â µm in diameter.8 The best name to define the disease was recommended as chromoblastomycosis by the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM).9 The term chromoblastomycosis (chromo – coloured, blasto – budding, mycosis – fungal) was coined by Terra et al in 1922 to define a polymorphic fungal disease located on lower limbs, consisting of nodular or verrucous plaques which could probably ulcerate and develop into hyperkeratosis and acanthosis of the affected epithelial tissues.10 This condition is often misdiagnosed as it is clinically indistinguishable from tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, squamous cell carcinoma, palmo-plantar psoriasis, and sporotrichosis.11,12,13 In this case also, a differential diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis was kept in mind. The typical histopathological findings of cutaneous chromoblastomycosis are marked epitheliomatous hyperplasia, microabscesses, chronic granulomatous infiltrates with multinucleate giant cells, epithelioid cells, histiocytes and lymphocytes and presence of copper penny bodies.14 in this case we found septate hyphae and sclerotic bodies on GMS stain of FNAC sample. Certain non-pathogenic or contaminant fungi such as Paecilomyces spp and Penicillium spp. may be sometimes confused with Cladophialophora carrionii. Although both these fungi produce long chains of elliptical conidia, the conidia arise from structures such as metula and phialides, which are not seen in C. carrionii. Both these fungi are rapid growers, unlike C. carrionii, which grows very slowly. Moreover, these non-pathogenic fungi usually form greenish white or greenish brown colonies with no pigment on the reverse, in contrast to the jet black reverse of C. carrioni i, which helps in correct identification of this fungi.15 However, C. carrionii should be differentiated from other similar dematiaceous fungi such as Cladophialophora bantiana and Fonsecaea pedrosoi. C. bantiana has the ability to grow at 42-43Â °C, which can be used to differentiate it from C.carrionii. Unlike Cladophialophora spp., Fonsecaea spp. produce short chains of five or less conidia. Moreover, in Fonsecaea spp. At least two of the three types of anamorphic conidiation (rhinocladiella, phialophora, cladosporium) will be seen.15 Slide culture technique will be useful for proper identification of the above-mentioned features.15 Surgery was considered the treatment of choice for chromoblastomycosis before the advent of triazole antifungal agents.16 However, currently with the availability of potent antifungal agents, chemotherapy has become the first-line of treatment with itraconazole and terbinafine being the drugs of choice, while surgery is used only for limited or small lesions.17 As there have been only few and sporadic case reports of chromoblastomycosis caused by C. caroinii from India, this case reports finds its importance.3,4,5,6,7 References: Kalabhavi AS. Chromoblastomycosis – Review article. International Journal of Current Research 2013: 5(7);1691-5 Silva JP, de Souza W, Rozental S. Chromoblastomycosis: a retrospective study of 325 cases on Amazonic Region (Brazil). Mycopathologia 1998-1999;143:171-5. Pradeepkumar NS, Joseph NM. Chromoblastomycosis caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in a child from India. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5(7):556-560. APTE G, GEDAM JR, POOJARY S, GURU N, PAI VV. Chromoblastomycosis in a case of borderline lepromatous leprosy with recurrent Type II lepra reaction. Lepr Rev (2011) 82, 310–5 Shanthala GB, Rudresh SM, Nagarathnamma T. Chromoblastomycosis: A Case Report. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2011:5(4); 865-6 Mandal RK, Banerjee S, Kumar P, Chakrabarti I. Non-healing verrucous plaque over upper limb for 1 year in a tea garden worker. Dermatology Online Journal 19 (3): 12 Kindo AJ, Ramalakshmi S, Giri S, Abraham G. A Fatal Case of Prostatic Abscess in a Post-Renal Transplant Recipient Caused by Cladophialophora carrionii. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2013;24(1):76-9 Medlar EM. A cutaneous infection caused by a new fungus Phialophora verrucosa with a study of the fungus. J Med Res. 1915; 32:507-22. Odds FC, Arai T, Disalvo AF, et al. Nomenclature of fungal diseases: a report and recommendations from a Sub-Committee of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). J Med Vet Mycol. 1992; 30(1):1-10. Terra F, Torres M, Fonseca Filho O. Novo tipo de dermatite verrucosa; micose por Acrotheca com associado de leishmaniose. Brasil Medico. 1922; 36:363-8. Pradhan SV, Talwar OP, Ghosh A, Swami RM, Shiva Raj KC, Gupta S. Chromoblastomycosis in Nepal: a study of 13 cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007: 73; 176-8 Mohanty L, Mohanty P, Padhi T, Samantray S. Verrucous growth on leg. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2006: 72; 399-400. Nair PS, Sarojini PA. Chromoblastomycosis resembling sporotrichosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1993: 59; 125-6. Nirmala V, Chacko CJ, Job CK. Tuberculoid leprosy and tuberculosis skin: a comparative histopathological study. Lepr India 1977: 49; 65-9 Fisher F, Cook NB. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Mycology. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company 1998; 372 Sayal SK, Prasad GK, Jawed KZ, Sanghi S, Satyanarayana S. Chromoblastomycosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2002:68; 233-4. Gupta AK, Taborda PR, Sanzovo AD. Alternate week and combination itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi in Brazil. Med Mycol 2002:40; 529-534

Materialism vs Idealism :: essays papers

Materialism vs Idealism History tells us very little of Titus Lucretius Carus, but one can see from reading his work that he has a strong dislike towards religious superstition, which he claims is the root of human fear and in turn the cause of impious acts. Although he does not deny the existence of a god, his work is aimed at proving that the world is not guided or controlled by a divinity. Lucretius asserts that matter exists in the form of atoms, which move around the universe in an empty space. This empty space, or vacuity, allows for the movement of the atoms and without it everything would be one mass. He explains that matter and vacuity can not occupy the same space, "...where there is empty space, there matter is not...", and these two things make up the entire universe. These invisible particles come together to form material objects, you and I are made of the same atoms as a chair or a tree. When the tree dies or the chair is thrown into a fire the atoms do not burn up or die, but are dispersed back into the vacuity. The atoms alone are without mind or secondary qualities, but they can combine to form living and thinking objects, along with sound, color, taste, etc... Atoms form life, consciousness, and the soul, and when our body dies there is nothing left of the latter except for its parts, which randomly become parts of other forms. Matter is never ending reality, only changing in its form. In the philosophical system developed by Irish philosopher George Berkeley, Idealism, Berkeley states that physical objects, matter, do not exist independent of the mind. The pencil that I am writing this essay with would not exist if I were not perceiving it with my senses, but in the dialogue between Hylus and Philonous Berkeley attempts to show things can and do exist apart from the human mind and our perception, but only because there is a mind in which all ideas are perceived or a deity that creates perception in the human mind, either way its God. He says that the external world can not be understood by thought, but "sensible things", objects that we perceive, can be reduced to ideas in the mind. These ideas, or "objects before the mind", possess primary qualities, the main structure, and secondary qualities, what we derive from our senses, which are inseparable. I'm confused about this, if I'm thinking about a star in a different galaxy, which makes the star an "object" before my mind, then where are the secondary qualities?

The Strategic Analysis of Google, Inc.

Running Head: THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 1 The Strategic Analysis of Google, Inc. Laura P. Fann Mount Olive College Tillman School of Business BUS 370, International Business Management Dr. Khalid Dubas, Professor of Marketing March 16, 2012 THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 2 Introduction Company History Google made it’s beginning in 1996 as a search engine that used links to determine the importance of individual web pages. In 1998 its founders, Stanford University graduate students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin formalized their work, creating the company we know today as Google.The company that started from two computer science students in a university dorm room, now employs thousands and holds offices around the world. (Google, Inc. ) Company Milestones Sept. 15, 1997 The google. com domain was registered Sept. 4, 1998Google became incorporated 1999Secured $25 million in funding for its operations. 2000Yahoo is using Google search engine—Ad Sense prog ram is launched 2001Company went global; setting up its first international office in Tokyo-added a new chairman of the board, Eric Schmidt, who soon became CEO 2004Google's search index reached eight billion 006Google bought YouTube 2008Launched mobile phone operating system 2010Company was collecting information from open wireless networks and joining Verizon in a net neutrality pact 2011Entered into an agreement to acquire the mobile phone maker Motorola Mobility for about $12. 5 billion. Google agreed to pay $500 million to settle a case involving the importation of illegal prescription drugs into the United States (John P. Mello, 2011) 2012Billionaire George Soros’ firm added shares in Google in fourth quarter(Burton, 2012) THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 3 Company PhilosophyDescribed as â€Å"The perfect search engine†, Google has become successful at being better and faster at finding the right answers to search queries. Google continues to push the limit s of existing technology to provide a fast, accurate and easy-to-use service that anyone seeking information can access, whether by computer or mobile device. Google, Inc. operates by ten core principles that guide their actions. 1. Focus on the user and all else will follow. Google has always focused on providing the best user experience possible. 2. It’s best to do on the thing really, really well.Google is in the search business and their goal is to bring the power of search to previously unexplored areas, and to help people access and use even more information in their lives. 3. Fast is better than slow. . 4. Democracy on the web works. Google searches rely on millions of individual posting links on websites to which other sites offer content of value. 5. You don’t need to be at your desk to need an answer. Google is developing new technologies and offering new solutions to the ever increasing mobile market. 6. You can make money without doing evil.The revenue gene rated by Google is derived from offering search technology to companies and from the sale of advertising displayed on their site. 7. There’s always more information out there. Researchers continue to look into ways to bring information to people seeing answers. 8. The need for information crosses all borders. The company mission is to facilitate access to information for the entire world, and in every language. 9. You can be serious without a suit. The company culture is casual and with a diverse background of employees with creative approaches to work and life. THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 10. Great just isn’t good enough. Through innovation and iteration, Google aims to take things that work well and improve upon them in unexpected ways. (Google, Inc. ) Direct Competitors More than 17. 8 billion explicit core searches were conducted in January. This is down 2 percent from December. Google led the way with 11. 8 billion of the total searches (down 2 percent from December); Bing ended up with 2. 7 billion (down 2 percent), followed close by Yahoo with 2. 5 billion (down 5 percent). Ask Network had 527 million searches (down 1 percent), followed by AOL with 277 million (down 3 percent). Goodwin, 2012) Strengths Google is renowned for its search engine technology and is second to none in the search engine marketplace as it stands. Among its competitors (Yahoo, AOL, msn, infoseek, ask jeeves, etc. ), Google quickly became a household name as searchers discovered that it was not your average search engine. Google set itself apart from its competition by providing more unique information in its searches than the other available search engines. (Alex Harrison, 2011) Google has developed a strong brand equity which tops the list of the world’s most powerful brands averaging about 30% growth this year. Manjoo, NOV2011, Issue 160) Google occupies a place at the top of the minds of online consumers. The word â€Å"Google† and  "search† are used synonymously. A Google search has become the most recognized method to find information on the internet. (Alex Harrison, 2011) THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 5 Website owners are drawn to using Google because of the company’s ability to help these site owners create useful information. Google Ad words are an advertising platform that places relevant text ads to the right of Google search results.This tool is used by businesses to determine where a website visitor came from, how long they stayed, and how well the information conformed to the user’s needs. (Alex Harrison, 2011) Google’s advertising business just keeps growing and is anticipated to bring in more than $30 billion this year. (Manjoo, NOV2011, Issue 160) Google has consistent revenue streams from their advertising business. Google is the most visited website on the internet, and for this reason, they have no shortage of customers looking to advertise using their platfor m.Many technology companies must issue debt and equity to pay for research and design, which can be costly; however, Google has been able to accumulate a significant cash reserve, which allows them to expand and invent at a lower cost than smaller competitors. (Alex Harrison, 2011) Google’s success despite the completion is based on its persistent focus on satisfying consumers by getting them the answers the want quickly and accurately. Google consistently refines its search algorithms, which now considers over 200 factors in assessing site quality and relevance. Judiciary, 2011) Google makes hundreds of changes to their algorithms each year to improve consumers search experience. THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 6 Weaknesses Although Google is a company that has grown to be the number one search engine in the United States, a few problems have occurred. Other countries are not open to the amount of information Google needs for certain applications. International reputa tion is a weakness for the company at this time. As of right now Google is not in a position to satisfy foreign countries cultures. Alex Harrison, 2011) Google survives and prospers on its advertising which can also be seen as strength for the company at this time, but could be a negative factor in the future. Google’s revenue comes almost entirely from advertising and when advertising trends change, Google will need to adapt or else lose revenue. Security is a concern for Google due to its having experienced faulty applications and unreliable system designs. This was witnessed when hackers intruded the 2. 3. 3 and earlier versions of the android tablet allowing disclosure to user’s personal information via open wireless access. Alex Harrison, 2011) THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 7 Financial Analysis Exhibit 1 (yahoo finance, 2012) In Millions of USD (except for per share items) | 12 months ending 2011-12-31 | 12 months ending 2010-12-31 | 12 months ending 2009 -12-31 | 12 months ending 2008-12-31 | Revenue | 37,905. 00| 29,321. 00| 23,650. 56| 21,795. 55| Other Revenue, Total | -| -| -| -| Total Revenue | 37,905. 00| 29,321. 00| 23,650. 56| 21,795. 55| Cost of Revenue, Total | 13,188. 00| 10,417. 00| 8,844. 11| 8,621. 51| Gross Profit | 24,717. 00| 18,904. 00| 14,806. 45| 13,174. 04| Selling/General/Admin. Expenses, Total | 7,313. 0| 4,761. 00| 3,651. 24| 3,748. 88| Research ; Development | 5,162. 00| 3,762. 00| 2,843. 03| 2,793. 19| Depreciation/Amortization | -| -| -| -| Interest Expense(Income) – Net Operating | -| -| -| -| Unusual Expense (Income) | 610. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 1,094. 76| Other Operating Expenses, Total | -| -| -| -| Total Operating Expense | 26,273. 00| 18,940. 00| 15,338. 38| 16,258. 34| Operating Income | 11,632. 00| 10,381. 00| 8,312. 19| 5,537. 21| Interest Income(Expense), Net Non-Operating | -| -| -| -| Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets | -| -| -| -| Other, Net | 65. 00| 11. 00| 2. 37| 4. 52|Income Before Tax | 12 ,326. 00| 10,796. 00| 8,381. 19| 5,853. 60| Income After Tax | 9,737. 00| 8,505. 00| 6,520. 45| 4,226. 86| Minority Interest | -| -| -| -| Equity In Affiliates | -| -| -| -| Net Income Before Extra. Items | 9,737. 00| 8,505. 00| 6,520. 45| 4,226. 86| Accounting Change | -| -| -| -| Discontinued Operations | -| -| -| -| Extraordinary Item | -| -| -| -| Net Income | 9,737. 00| 8,505. 00| 6,520. 45| 4,226. 86| THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 8 Google is growing at an alarming rate. As shown in Exhibit 1, Google’s net income has grown from $4. 2 billion in 2008, to $ 9. 7 billion in 2011.Google’s revenues and profits are growing over time and are moving in a smooth and consistent fashion as shown in Exhibit 1. Google’s revenue has grown from $21. 7 billion in 2008, to $37. 9 billion in 2011. Gross profits in 2008 were $13. 1 billion and have increased to $24. 7 billion for 2011. The profit margin is currently around 25%, which is a slight decrease from previo us years, 2009 and 2010. (Google Finance, 2012) Exhibit 2 (yahoo finance, 2012) THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 9 Exhibit 2, shows that Google is close to its’ competitors, Microsoft and Apple when it comes to profit margin for 2011.This is pretty amazing considering how much younger Google is compared to the competition. Environmental Threats The dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship. Google CEO Larry Page recently admitted that the greatest threat to Google –was â€Å"Google† itself. Security Breach Liabilities Security is Google’s â€Å"Achilles Heel† because security clashes with Google’s values, mission, philosophy and culture as Google favors speed and accessibility over privacy and property rights.Given that Chinese hackers breached Google’s security and stole their entire password system, and that Google could not meet t he contracted security requirements of the City of Los Angeles. [ (Cleland, 2011) ] Security remains a huge corporate weakness for Google. This weakness could open up the door to cybercriminals including possible terrorist groups. Cybercriminals are becoming a threat that rivals terrorist groups like al Qaeda, according to the nation’s top law enforcement official. In the not too-distant-future it is anticipated that the cyber threat will pose the greatest threat to the U.S. states FBI Director Robert Mueller. [ (Cowley, 2012) ] Sovereignty Backlash from Foreign Governments With 55% of revenues Google receives coming from overseas; Google’s growth is at a risk from a growing backlash of foreign governments over Google’s unique sovereignty intrusiveness. THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 10 Since it became public that Google worked with U. S. intelligence services, Google’s legendary intrusiveness has increased suspicion of Google overseas. [ (Cleland , 2011) ] Antitrust Franchise RiskCurrently, Google’s business practices are under antitrust investigation by the FTC and DOJ. Google is vulnerable to the FTC’s Sherman Act monopolization investigation because unlike the DOJ, The FTC has Section 5 authority which prohibits â€Å"deceptive and unfair† practices. Given Google’s many undisclosed conflicts of interest, it will be relatively easy for the FTC to establish consumer harm. (Cleland, 2011) Growth Opportunities Cloud Technologies Google is focusing on three areas of growth for the upcoming year. The focus will be on cloud, mobile and social technologies.According to Google Vice President Amit Singh, cloud adoption will accelerate in 2012, especially in small businesses, among which only 10 percent or so have deployed cloud technologies. Google capitalized on the cloud by adding more than 175 new features to Google Apps and offering an SLA (Service Level Agreement) of 99. 99 percent for Gmail. [ (Hic key, 2011) ] Google has cut the price of its Cloud Storage, a hosted service designed for enterprise developers who want to store their applications’ data in the cloud, as opposed to in their own servers. (Perez, 2012) THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 11 Mobile TechnologiesGoogle will also continue to enhance its mobile offerings. Forrester Research data predicts more than 77 percent of organizations will support Google Android and iOS devices in 2012. According to Google Vice President, Singh, more than 90 percent of Google Apps for business users have already deployed or are interested in deploying Android devices and Android advancements, such as on-device encryption. VPN and Global Address List (GAL) support in the Android version 4. 0. (Hickey, 2011) Google’s goal is to have their apps working first and best across different mobile platforms and allow anyone to be productive from anywhere.Google will continue to invest heavily in mobile and soon the products people use on their smart phones and tablets will work even better. Google is definitely on the right path when it comes to its focus on efforts to carve out a position in the mobile networking market. According to research findings from Pew Internet & American Life Project from February 2012, 88 percent of US adults are cell phone owners and nearly half (46 percent) are Smartphone owners. (Project, 2012) It is expected for the volume of global mobile data to rise tenfold from 2011 to 2016, according to Ericsson, the leading maker of mobile network equipment.The rate is likely to accelerate as more consumers integrate the mobile Web into their daily lives. (O'Brien, 2012) Social Technologies Google+ the company’s recently-launched social network, has 90 million users now (January 20, 2012), from 40 million three months ago. (Sharma, 2012) THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 12 Google is making multiple improvements to Google+ every week, while also wrapping Google+ with t he controls needed for broader use in larger enterprises with the goal of bringing Google+ to the rest of their products.This will include incorporating features that make it easier to connect, share, and integrate with the wider world. (Hickey, 2011) Assessment, Prospects, and Suggested Future Direction Google Inc, which revolutionized Internet searches with an easy-to-use website, has itself become an increasingly tricky business to grasp. Analysts say Google is simply putting its fingers in too many pies. Google’s market entries into television, Android mobile phones, and music sales in the past two to three years have left the investment community straining to recognize the company.Investors are still uneasy about Google's acquisition of Smartphone maker Motorola; this is a challenge facing Chief Executive Larry Page as he positions the company for new growth opportunities. Some are wondering if Google has a clear strategy for generating revenue and growth out of an abund ance of initiatives, from Android, Google+, especially since Page and management refuse to offer guidance. [ (Oreskovic, 2012) ] The limited insight Google provides on the details of its non-search businesses has not helped matters, as investors struggle to connect the company's ambitious strategic vision with its income statement. Google is very much in the midst of a transformation,† said BGC Partners analyst Colin Gillis. Since replacing Eric Schmidt last April as CEO, the Google co-founder has aggressively tossed out underperforming and non-essential projects and products. The idea is to put â€Å"more wood† behind the company's most important arrows, he has said. [ (Oreskovic, 2012) ] THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF GOOGLE, INC. 13 For Google to keep growing, it needs access to a wider range of content on which it can place ads and make money, particularly as the tech landscape shifts and consumers' Internet habits evolve. Any walled-off content is the enemy of Google, s o they're trying to pry it open. They did it well with Android, they're trying it with social media and they're trying it with television,† said MIT Sloan School of Management Professor Michael Cusumano. [ (Oreskovic, 2012) ] The strategy is not cheap, requiring significant investments for Google to build or buy platforms to reach new content — adding pressure on the bottom line. And many of the new markets may not be as profitable as the search ad business where Google rules the roost, said Cusumano.Google+, which does not currently feature ads, is still in its infancy and the company has yet to outline its monetization plans for the service. But Macquarie Research analyst Ben Schachter said the benefits of some of Google's other non-search initiatives, such as the vast amount of online video it now streams across the Web on YouTube, are coming into focus. â€Å"The goal at the end of the rainbow is TV advertising,† he said. â€Å"For years Google has been eati ng the lunch of print and radio, but TV has held up incredibly well. That will start to change by the second half of this year and into 2013, when Schachter expects that TV advertising dollars will flow to online video providers like Google. [ (Oreskovic, 2012) ] Works Cited Alex Harrison, R. H. (2011, November 9). googlenewsonline. com. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from Google News Online: http://www. googlenewsonline. com/google-swot-analysis. html Burton, K. (2012, February 15). www. bloomberg. com. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from Bloomberg: http://www. bloomberg. com/news/pringt/2012-02-15/soros-buys-google-comverse-while Cleland, S. (2011, November 15). The Top Ten Threats to Google.Retrieved March 2, 2012, from forbes. com: http://www. forbes. com/sites/scottcleland/2011/11/15/the-top-ten-threats-to-google/ Cowley, S. (2012, March 2). FBI Director: Cybercrime will eclipse terrorism. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from CNN Money: http://money. cnn. com/2012/03/02/technology/fbi_cyb ersecurity/index. htm Goodwin, D. (2012, February 10). Search Engine Watch. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from www. searchenginewatch: http://searchenginewatch. com/article/2151761/Yahoo-Search-Engine-Market-Share-Slips-in-January-2012 Google Finance. (2012, March 16). Retrieved March 16, 2012, from www. google. om/finance: http://www. google. com/finance? q=NASDAQ:GOOG&fstype=ii# google inside. (2012, February 15). Retrieved February 15, 2012, from www. ginside. com. Google, Inc. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 13, 2012, from www. google. com: http://www. google. com/about/company/ Hickey, A. (2011, December 21). Google: Cloud, Mobile, Social Will Define 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from CRN: http://www. crn. com/232300927/printablearticle. htm John P. Mello, J. (2011, September 27). Doodle Celebrates Google's 13th Birthday: Here are 13 Milestones. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from www. pcworld. com:

The Legend of the Fifth Sun

The Legend of the Fifth Sun The Aztec creation myth which describes how the world originated is called the Legend of the Fifth Sun. Several different versions of this myth exist because the stories were originally passed down by oral tradition, and also because the Aztecs adopted and modified gods and myths from other tribes that they met and conquered. According to the Aztec creation myth, the world of the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish colonization was the fifth era of a cycle of creation and destruction. They believed their world had been created and destroyed four times before. During each of the four previous cycles, different gods first governed the earth through a dominant element and then destroyed it. These worlds were called suns. During the 16th century- and the period in which we still live today- the Aztecs believed that they were living in the fifth sun, and it would also end in violence at the end of the calendrical cycle. In the Beginning In the beginning, according to Aztec mythology, the creator couple Tonacacihuatl and Tonacateuctli (also known as the god Ometeotl, who was both male and female) gave birth to four sons, the Tezcatlipocas of the East, North, South, and West. After 600 years, the sons began to create the universe, including the creation of cosmic time, called suns. These gods eventually created the world and all the other deities. After the world was created, the gods gave light to humans, but to do this, one of the gods had to sacrifice himself by leaping into a fire. Each subsequent sun was created by the personal sacrifice of at least one of the gods, and a key element of the story, like that of all Aztec culture, is that sacrifice is required to begin renewal. Four Cycles The first god to sacrifice himself was Tezcatlipoca, who leaped into the fire and started the First Sun, called 4 Tiger. This period was inhabited by giants who ate only acorns, and it came to an end when the giants were devoured by jaguars. The world lasted 676 years, or 13 52-year cycles according to the pan-Mesoamerican calendar.The Second Sun, or 4-Wind sun, was governed by Quetzalcoatl (also known as the White Tezcatlipoca), and the earth was populated by humans who ate only pià ±on nuts. Tezcatlipoca wanted to be Sun, and turned himself into a tiger and threw Quetzalcoatl off his throne. This world came to an end through catastrophic hurricanes and floods. The few survivors fled to the top of the trees and were transformed into monkeys. This world also lasted 676 years.The Third Sun, or 4-Rain Sun, was dominated by water: its ruling deity was the rain god Tlaloc and its people ate seeds that grew in the water. This world came to an end when the god Quetzalcoatl made it rain fi re and ashes. The survivors became turkeys, butterflies or dogs. Turkeys are called pipil-pipil in the Aztec language, meaning child or prince. This world ended in 7 cycles or 364 years. The Fourth Sun, the 4-Water sun, was governed by the goddess Chalchiuthlicue, sister and wife of Tlaloc. The people ate maize. A great flood marked the end of this world, and all the people were transformed into fish. The 4 Water Sun lasted for 676 years. Creating the Fifth Sun At the end of the fourth sun, the gods gathered at Teotihuacan to decide who had to sacrifice him/herself for the new world to begin. The god Huehuetà ©otl, the old fire god, started a sacrificial bonfire, but none of the most important gods wanted to jump into the flames. The rich and proud god Tecuciztecatl Lord of the Snails hesitated and during that hesitation, the humble and poor Nanahuatzin the Pimply or Scabby One leaped into the flames and became the new sun. Tecuciztecatl jumped in after him and became a second sun. The gods realized that two suns would overwhelm the world, so they threw a rabbit at Tecuciztecal, and it became the moon- that is why you can still see the rabbit in the moon today. The two celestial bodies were set in motion by Ehecatl, the god of the wind, who fiercely and violently blew the sun into motion. The Fifth Sun The Fifth Sun (called 4-Movement) is ruled by Tonatiuh, the sun god. This fifth sun is characterized by the sign Ollin, which means movement. According to Aztec beliefs, this indicated that this world would come to an end through earthquakes, and all the people will be eaten by sky monsters. The Aztecs considered themselves â€Å"the People of the Sun† and therefore their duty was to nourish the Sun god through blood offerings and sacrifices. Failure to do this would cause the end of their world and the disappearance of the sun from the sky. A version of this myth is recorded on the famous Aztec Calendar Stone, a colossal stone sculpture whose images referred to one version of this creation tale linked to Aztec history. The New Fire Ceremony At the end of each 52-year cycle, the Aztec priests carried out the New Fire ceremony, or binding of the years. The myth of the Five Suns predicted the end of a calendar cycle, but it was not known which cycle would be the last one. The Aztec people would clean their houses, discarding all household idols, cooking pots, clothing, and mats. During the last five days, fires were extinguished, and the people climbed on their roofs to await the fate of the world. On the last day of the calendar cycle, the priests would climb the Star Mountain, today known in Spanish as Cerro de la Estrella, and watch the rise of the Pleiades to ensure it followed its normal path. A fire drill was placed on the heart of a sacrificial victim: if the fire could not be lit, the myth said, the sun would be destroyed forever. The successful fire was then brought to Tenochtitlan to relight hearths throughout the city. According to the Spanish chronicler Bernardo Sahagun, the New Fire ceremony was conducted every 52 years in villages throughout the Aztec world. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources: Adams REW. 1991. Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Third Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Read KA. 1986. The Fleeting Moment: Cosmogony, Eschatology, and Ethics in Aztec Religion and Society. The Journal of Religious Ethics 14(1):113-138.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Taube KA. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Native American Literature Essay Example

Native American Literature Essay Example Native American Literature Essay Native American Literature Essay Essay Topic: Girl in Translation These stories were usually presented by speakers who were focused on their performance. They used different voices, hand gestures, movements and were very animated. 2. Why is it important to know the origins of their literature? The origin of the literature helps you understand the stories by knowing the culture in which hey are taking place. It reflects a culture as it existed before the arrival of the Europeans. 3. What might be lost in the translation of their stories? Over time as the stories were retold over and over some of the stories may have been changed. Perhaps they may have changed with time and to adapt to new circumstances. 4. What group of people finally wrote down the stories? Why is this significant? The Native American stories and folklore did not come into print until the 19th century, over 300 years after the arrival of the Europeans. It is important that they wrote these stories down the Indians had a very limited written language and if the Europeans had not recorded them they would have been lost in time. 5. Briefly summarize A Tale of the Sky World. You should focus on plot. In the beginning the world was not as we know it today, up in the sky there was another world called The Sky World where human type beings lived. In this Sky World there was a great tree which bore corn that fed the village. Well it so happened, that the chiefs daughter was very sick but there seems to be no cure in sight. One night, a friend of the Chief had a dream that if the girl was placed by the tree and the tree dug up, her sickness would be cured. The girl was placed by the tree, and the tree was dug up. Along came a man who was upset that the tree that fed the village was being dug up and push the girl into the hole where the tree once was. The hole opened up into a world that was completely covered with water. The girls saw this world as she was falling. As she fell the birds of the sky decided to save her and carried her on their bodies. When they grew tired of carrying her, the turtle stepped in and aired her on his back. They quickly decided they could not continue to carry her and that the earth would become her home. They then began to prepare the earth so she could live on it. Soil from the bottom of the sea was brought up and place on the turtles back and it quickly increase where the land could hold all the earths future creatures. The girl recovered from the illness and was living comfortable on the earth, when she brought forth and baby daughter. The girl grew into adulthood and often accompanied her mother in digging wild potatoes. The daughter soon became with child. The mother claimed it was because she was facing the wrong direction while digging potatoes and the West Wind had entered her causing the pregnancy. The girl soon birthed twin boys, one a reddish color and the other a much lighter color. The grandmother did not like the darker child and cast him out into a hollowed tree. As the lighter skinned boy grew, he became a hunter and soon discovered his brother and told his grandmother of the boy. The grandmother then brought the boy home. The boys were very different from each other in personality. One brother was good a created a world that would help its people survive easily, but the other brother was not so kind and created a world that would hinder its future people and make their lives difficult. The inspection of each others creations caused a huge fight be;en the brothers which resulted in the death of the darker skinned brother. 6. What is being created and how is it being created? A livable earth was being created for the girl and its future inhabitants. This was done by bringing up dirt from the sea bottom and placing it on the turtles ace where it expanded and created enough livable for all the earths future creatures. . What type of tale is this? A creation myth 8. The daughter conceives the twins by facing the West 9. What does the violent ending of the tale suggest about the presence of good and evil on earth? Good always battles evil but, in the end, most of the time good prevails. 10. Briefly summarize The Chiefs Daughters. Two girls were laying under the star s making wishes. One girl wishes to be up in the sky with the dim star and the other wishes to be up in the sky with the bright star. When they awake the next morning, their wishes have come true. The one who wished to be with the dim star was the wife of a brave chief and the girl who wanted to be with the bright star was now a servant. The girls remained friend but, now the girl who wished to be with the bright star was to serve the other girl when they Went to dig turnips. They Were told to never strike the ground twice while digging turnips, but the wife of the brave chief was curious what would happen if they struck twice. The next time they went to dig turnips she convinced her servant girl to strike at the ground twice. Striking twice revealed a hole in which she could see her previous home, the earth. This caused the girls to cry, they both wanted to go home. The chief decided to grant their wish and send them back home to earth. He gathers many lariats and knotted them together and wound them around the girls bodies and dropped them through the clouds to their home. When the people of the village saw the girls they were overjoyed. 11. Discuss the possible moral of this tale. Be careful of what you wish for, as it may not be as good as it seems from afar. 12. What happened when the girl struck twice while digging up turnips? A hole opened up in the ground and she could see her previous home on earth 13. What was used to return the chiefs daughters home? Lariats were knotted together and would around the girls bodies and they were gently dropped through the sky to the earth. 14. This tale is a common type of tale called The Star Husband. want you to find a different version of this tale by searching the internet. Provide the title of your tale, the website where you found it, and compare and contrast it to The Chiefs Daughters. Website found: http://BMW. Profiteroles. S/UP-Html- sends/Amicableness-Mammal. HTML Title: Miasma Women Who Married Star Husbands. A Mica Legend Discussion and Research: How do the American Indian tales you read compare to similar tales from the culture in which you were raised? (For example: Remember that this is considered a creation myth. What story were you told about creation? ) Include the following in your answer: The titles Of the tales you read and briefly summarize each . The American Indian Tales and the tales I was told as a child are similar in that they both have been passed down from generation to generation. Most of the time they each use animals to tell the story. Both types of tales are written in a way that only children themselves could believe them. A creation myth that was told as a child is the myth about where babies come from. The myth is that babies are brought by a Stork. This myth was derived from the tale by Hans Christian Anderson titled The Storks, written in 1838. It is the story of how a mother stork, the father and their babies are made fun of by a group of boys. The teasing upset the baby storks and they wanted to get revenge on the boys. Mother stork would not agree o it until they learned to fly and then on their departure day they may get their revenge. When that day arrived the young storks agreed that the boys who did not sing and tease would get a new baby sibling from the pond where all children lie waiting for the stork to come a deliver them to their parents. The boys who had been first to sing and tease, they would bring him a baby who had dreamed itself to death, and the little boy who refused to sing and said it was not nice to make fun of animals would also get a baby brother or sister because he was a good boy.

KIEU paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KIEU paragraph - Essay Example There are a number of characteristics of Kim that have enabled Kieu to think about him in a special manner. The author has made Kim quiet loyal throughout the tale because it rather took a stance of devotion. The devotion of Kim is evident in the case that despite living away from Kieu for more than years, he continuously loved her the most. Throughout the story, Kim has been projected to be stuck to the vows both of them have taken (Lexuan). This is evident from the quote, â€Å"Our innermost sentiments fine as silk threads†¦ Will unite us forever - this we pledge (Adams Stanza 09). These words rather allow the readers to understand the intensity of love and bond of Kim and Kieu. Readers will also find Kim to be romantic. The romanticism being noted in this context is not just limited to the fact that he loved Kieu but also he loved his country the most (Lexuan). Being a learnt man, he knew that he will never lose the hope of finding Kieu. At the end of the tale, it becomes quiet evident that his hope towards finding Kieu was not wasted. Overall the story has provided a clear yet an in-depth hold of the essence of

Funding Cuts on District Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Funding Cuts on District Schools - Essay Example To ensure that each child is catered for including the disabled and special needs children, district education boards assisted by the federal governments have over the time funded these schools. The district education board also recognizes that aspects of growth in a child are related; which means that the emotional, physical, social and intellectual needs in a child have to be catered for (Farguhar & Fitzsimons, 2007). This has forced the district boards to use massive budgets in employing different types of teachers and other instructors in the different fields to ensure a smooth growth in children under district schools. These areas of child growth make the idea of having several early childhood instructors an important undertaking in all district schools. However, currently, with the economic crisis in federal governments and the overall spending cuts by the central governments, there has been a crisis where the budges under the district schools required to runt these operations have been subjected to massive cuts and strict control in funding of these schools. This has been viewed by many as lack of a strong grip by the federal government on the education system, while others have feared that such massive cuts will affect the quality education for all children in these schools. However, considering the alternative approaches that district schools can apply to balance the effects of budget cuts, these budget cuts would not affect the quality of education in these schools. In most cases, schools are faced with serious budgetary constraints in their performance, which has been explained by many to affect the learning quality especially in early childhood education, where special care has to be taken in offering the children quality care that attributes directly to their growth.

The personal selling process Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The personal selling process - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that personal selling forms a critical part of a marketing plan for a company that engages skilled salesperson in a successful deal with a customer. The salesperson should have the ability to successfully close the deal with the customer so that he/she is interested in the company products or services. The present research has identified that in order to successfully close a sales deal, a salesperson should be attentive to the present need of the customer and offer him/her the required products or services. It will be incorrect to state that the job of a salesperson is easy, as convincing a human being for a product or services is hard due to the different bent of mind of the consumers. The author has rightly presented that the companies lay emphasis on the art of selling and there is a definite process that is followed by a salesperson for converting a lead into the buyer. Thus, it is the most expensive form of marketing, where the salespe rson should follow definite steps in order to bring sales revenue to the company. Each of these steps is important for the salesperson and company. ThyssenKrupp AG is regarded as one of the largest steel producers in the world and it also engages in providing systems and component to the automotive industry, elevators, escalators and industrial services to its customers. It engages in business-to-business selling with the customers.

Social Media Essay Example for Free

Social Media Essay Social media today is one of the most advanced platforms for companies to market their product instantaneously and to a large audience with just a click of a button. With the current technological boon the world is undergoing, social media has definitely taken the front seat and helped an array of organisations from different fields to become some of the world’s leading profitable organisations. Social media marketing (SMM) is a form of Internet marketing that utilizes social networking websites such as Facebook, twitter, instagram etc. as a marketing tool to advertise and market their products to the general public. This essay will focus on the different uses that social media websites have to cater to marketing with reference to a multinational, e-business company called amazon. Since the internet is such a large market with a colossal number of social networking sites, it is important for organisations to plan before they venture into a marketing campaign on what exactly they need to achieve.. see more:social networks and our young generation. speech Amazon has now dominated the world of e commerce and online retailing with an immense competitive advantage by engaging customer satisfaction and planning a genuine marketing strategy. A large proportion of amazon’s marketing is on social media websites which is an appropriate place to find a large target audience to its website. Some of the companies’ key motives and strategy on social media marketing are discussed below. Firstly, amazon has established a clear cut goal of marketing online to increase brand awareness by promoting and advertising with sales offer to its target group on social networking arenas. Secondly the company has figured on what types of social media platforms they need to market their website on. Some of its primary marketing campaign takes place on sites such as Facebook, YouTube, twitter and Instagram, which are largely driven and operated by a young population who are more likely to shop online. Also its has engulfed and adapted strategies such as engage potential customers, prioritize the brand, measure the outcome, listen to feedback and control and develop its image. Social media has gained so much attention today, with a large population hooked onto social networking sites. This has given a massive opportunity for entities to market their products on these sites to a large audience with  sometimes at no cost to post online. amazon is a pioneer in social media marketing with its active involvement in advertising and promoting its business online. from directly emailing existing customers about sale offers to posting about its products on their facebook fanpage, it definitely has a large and active social media marketing involvement.

High School Graduate in the Real World :: Personal Narrative Essays

High School Graduate in the Real World With surprisingly minimal reluctance I face my new life. My heart is filled with excitement, while my mind teems with anxiety. Everything has changed. I suppose it really hasn’t, but it seems as if one little difference can make you feel like the whole world is turning inside out. I go about what will soon become routine for me without any second thoughts. Perhaps none of this has sunk in yet. I sit alone in a tiny cubicle only about five feet square and examine my new surroundings. I have been given all the little luxuries that such an entrapment can afford. The outdated computer that noisily hums and groans, looking for sympathy. The adding machine, the pens, the highlighter, piles of papers and documents. It is all that I have right now. I am dressed in a new gray business suit, one of many gifts that I recently received. A new dress code for a new lifestyle. Only two days earlier I was standing on a stage, looking out on nearly one thousand people, summing up thirteen years in five minutes. How do you express what effect thirteen years of schooling have had on you and your classmates in a new and unused way? My valedictorian address was one of the hardest papers-or speeches in this case-that I ever had to compose. The effort put into it also made it the most rewarding as well. â€Å"For a college application I was asked what saying I would publicize if given the opportunity. My answer was ‘Living is doing, not merely being.’† Those two sentences were my favorite part of the speech. I talked about taking charge of our own lives and making a positive difference in the world. I didn’t waste any time following my own advice. Two days later I am starting what will probably become one of the most challenging but personally fulfilling experiences of my life. At six o’clock this morning my alarm clock once again did not fail to wake me from my peaceful state. I can be so resentful of that. Only seconds before I had been driving as quickly as my car would go around hairpin turns on a seemingly endless highway with a strong cool breeze blowing my hair in all directions. The remorseless beeping brought me back to reality. I went about my usual morning routine, except this time my destination would not be the same.

People and society Essay

The writer basically talks about the conditions, events, problems, and trends of the larger regions as well as the individual nations. The writer basically uses a cross-disciplinary approach and talks about the physical landscapes and the culture that is being followed in the Asian-Pacific countries where most of the people live, mainly China and Japan. Moreover, some of the highest mountains and longest rivers are also found in Asia. These populated countries consist of many people belonging to various ethnic groups who follow different cultures, religions and speak different languages. (Weightman, 2001). The chapters that I would be mainly focusing are based on the aspects of people and society in Pacific Asia. The people of Japan mostly reside in Honshu, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Shikoku. The two terms that means people of Japan are Nipponjin and Nihonjin and they basically resemble the Tibetans. Japan has a very high population and in 2002 it was declared to be the 10th most populous countries; however the Japanese population has been facing a decline due to the western influence because of which small household have become a trend. Japan has a homogenous culture, tradition and language and the main religions are Buddhism and Shinto. Most of the people in Japan live in the urban areas than in cities. (Maps of the world. com, n. d. ). Like Japan, China is also one of the populous countries in the world. China is a multi ethnic country and majority of the population speak Chinese. (Welcome to China, n. d. ). Most of the people in China grow rice, ride bicycles and fewer cars can be seen only in cities. They Chinese people prefer doing things in the old ways their ancestors used to. The Chinese people use the decimal system as their currency that consists of paper money as well as the coins.(Ebrey, n. d. ). Reference Ebrey, P. B. (n. d. ). People. January 21st, 2009. Retrieved from: http://depts. washington. edu/chinaciv/geo/people. htm Maps of the world. com. (n. d. ). People of Japan. January 21st, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www. mapsofworld. com/japan/culture/people-of-japan. html Weightman , B. (2001). Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia. 2nd Edn. Wiley, Hardcover. Welcome to China. (n. d. ). People of China. January 21st, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www. tooter4kids. com/china/people_of_china. htm

Baz Luhrmann’s Essay

How does Baz Luhrmann’s film adaptation of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† visually highlight Shakespeare’s rich language and imagery? Shakespeare’s use of language reflects the theatre of his day. There were no elaborate set designs, costumes, lighting or sound effects and there were also only a small number of actors playing many different parts. This could get confusing and therefore the language and imagery had to do all the work for the audience, as the words were the only tools available to help them imagine the scenes vividly. In the prologue of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, line number twelve; â€Å"Is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage† and the very last words; â€Å"our toil shall strive to mend†, have significant meaning. These sentences, spoken by the chorus, highlight to the audience the key plot elements to come. It gives the audience an idea of what they are about to watch or read and makes the ensuing action more intelligible. This dramatic convention therefore acts almost like a movie trailer. In Baz Luhrmann’s film adaptation of the play, the prologue begins with a long shot of a television (within a television), with a reporter speaking to us from inside of it. Behind the reporter’s left shoulder are the words â€Å"star-crossed lovers† and a symbol of a broken ring. This, in the first minute of the play, already introduces us to the fact that Romeo and Juliet are star-crossed lovers, which is a major theme throughout the entire play. The news reporter then delivers the whole prologue from beginning to end, before the camera zooms further and further in until the point of extreme close up, at which point the prologue changes. This is how Baz Luhrmann achieves a similar effect to Shakespeare’s dramatic use of the prologue. By doing this, it is almost as if we are â€Å"entering† the movie and if you do not wish to â€Å"go in† then it is your choice not to continue watching. In the second sentence of the prologue, â€Å"In fair Verona (where we lay our scene)†, Shakespeare carefully uses the positive modifier â€Å"fair† to describe the city. This emphasizes the fact that Verona is closely associated with God, therefore establishing it as a peaceful, moral city. However, this is contradicted by negative modifiers in the next sentences of the prologue, which are â€Å"From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean†. This brings in the fact that there is an old grudge between two families. However, with this grudge there is blood shed and constant fights, some of which draw in innocent civilians. In the movie this section of the prologue is shot from a fast-moving helicopter. There is an extreme long shot and an aerial view of Verona, which introduces us to the town. A statue of Jesus is shown, immediately followed by the words â€Å"IN FAIR VERONA†, in large, white letters. Then, for several seconds, there is jump cutting between the Jesus statue and the phrase. This is how Baz Luhrmann shows us that Verona is normally a good, religious city. This is then followed by some fast, substantial shots. We are shown two separate buildings; one which has the sign â€Å"Montague† at the top, and the other which has the sign â€Å"Capulet† on top. This introduces us to the two feuding families who are the centre of the play. In addition, a police car which says â€Å"Verona Police† is filmed. All of these key points visually highlight Shakespeare’s imagery and language. The police car is an indication of the violence to come that is caused by the feud and upsets the normal, peaceful status quo. The first six lines of the prologue are essentially the most important in establishing the plot – for example lines three and four from the prologue: â€Å"from ancient grudge break to new mutiny† and â€Å"where civil blood makes civil hands unclean†. Luhrmann usually emphasises these points with newspaper headlines shown in the movie with those exact sentences on them. These lines of the prologue are also heard as the voice-over of the Friar. Jump cutting is used to move from headline to headline and the newspapers are shot in extreme close up, surrounded by flames of fire. With each sentence of the prologue that is said, an accompanying image is shown on the screen with it. These include violent images such as police cars and police helicopters. Overall, expressive lighting is used in the film, to add even greater intensity to the conflict between peace and war in Verona. This, along with words such as â€Å"death†, â€Å"rage† and â€Å"blood†, really start to show the dark side of the plot and ironically contrasts with Verona being described as a â€Å"fair† city previously. Next, line ten of the prologue, â€Å"the continuance of their parents’ rage†, establishes the fact that the grudge between the families is a long-standing ordeal. This is represented in the movie with a montage, showing the many magazines which talk about the hatred of the two families. Line five in the prologue, â€Å"from forth the fatal loins of these two foes†, aims to introduce the parents of Romeo and Juliet and in fact the two main characters themselves. Therefore, at this point, Baz Lurhmann shows a short clip of each significant actor in the movie. This is followed by a freeze frame on them, with the name of their character and any outstanding relationships he or she might have with other characters. The freeze frames are extremely close up on the characters’ faces and it sets the scene for the rest of the movie, so we know who to look out for. This is also an opportunity for Baz Luhrmann to give some limited information about the characters’ status. He does so by filming Montague and Capulet at a slightly lower angle than the others, making them appear more intimidating than the rest. This is how he effectively shows that they are the heads of the two households. In lines six and nine of the prologue, Shakespeare uses such phrases as â€Å"star-crossed† and â€Å"death-marked† to describe Romeo and Juliet’s love. First of all, â€Å"love† and â€Å"death† are oxymoronic and are not commonly found together in the same sentence. Secondly, â€Å"star-crossed† implies that they have no control over their love. It implies that Fate is in control and the minute they fell in love both were destined to die. In the film during this time, loud, fast and rising operatic music is played. This is incidental music significantly increases the level of tension and drama in the prologue. This is therefore appropriate for trying to emphasize the fact of the couple’s fated love. What Baz Luhrmann does here is basically pull the whole prologue together. Proceeding this, after the prologue has been explained, Baz Luhrmann tries to increase the level of suspense even further, to truly point out the violence and the tragic ending of the play. Therefore what he does, with the opera music still playing, is show most of the prologue on the screen in writing. Jump cutting is used between each sentence, but it is barely readable since the editing is at such a high speed, so the prologue is literally flashing before your eyes. Afterwards, Baz Luhrmann shows snippets from the entire movie to the audience. Jump cutting is used and the images flash at a very high speed before you. He goes from the end to the beginning of the movie, and what he achieves is, in a sense, a visual prologue! At the very end of the prologue, the title â€Å"Romeo + Juliet† comes up and the ‘plus’ sign is actually made to suggest a Christian cross. This subtly reminds us of the religious side of the play. This includes the Friar, who is a religious personage, the wedding that Romeo and Juliet have and also the whole theme of destiny and some divinity or higher power looking over and controlling us in life. So in conclusion, this is how Baz Luhrmann’s film adaptation of the prologue from â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† successfully visually highlights Shakespeare’s rich language and imagery. We can see how he has gone through the prologue and then fairly systematically translated its deeper meaning, in remarkably creative ways. He effectively translates all the messages of the prologue in a contemporary and entertaining context.